A-Z Medical Terms – K

K

Keratitis

Keratitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped outer layer of the eye. This condition can be caused by various factors such as infection, injury, or underlying health conditions.

There are different types of keratitis depending on its cause. Infectious keratitis occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites invade the cornea and lead to inflammation. Non-infectious keratitis may result from dry eyes, contact lens wear, exposure to irritants like chemicals or smoke, or autoimmune diseases.

Symptoms of keratitis include redness and pain in the eye, sensitivity to light (photophobia), blurred vision, excessive tearing or discharge from the eye. If left untreated or if not managed properly it can lead to scarring and vision loss.

Treatment for keratitis depends on its underlying cause. It may involve using antibiotic or antiviral eyedrops/ointments if an infection is present; lubricating drops/ointments to relieve dryness; avoiding wearing contact lenses until symptoms improve; and taking oral medications in certain cases.

If you experience any symptoms related to your eyesight it’s important to seek prompt medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment options tailored specifically for your needs.

Keratoconus

Keratoconus is a progressive eye disorder that affects the cornea, which is the clear outer layer of the eye. It causes thinning and bulging of the cornea, resulting in distorted vision. This condition typically begins during adolescence or early adulthood and can worsen over time.

One of the main symptoms of keratoconus is blurred or distorted vision, often accompanied by increased sensitivity to light and glare. As the shape of the cornea changes, it becomes difficult for light to focus properly on the retina, leading to visual disturbances.

The exact cause of keratoconus is still unknown, but several factors are believed to contribute to its development. These include genetic predisposition, chronic eye rubbing, certain systemic disorders such as connective tissue diseases, and exposure to environmental factors like UV radiation.

Treatment options for keratoconus depend on its severity. In mild cases, eyeglasses or contact lenses may be sufficient to correct vision. However, as the condition progresses, specialized contact lenses called scleral lenses or gas-permeable lenses may be necessary.

In more severe cases where contact lenses are no longer effective in improving vision quality or comfort levels significantly compromised , surgical interventions such as corneal cross-linking or corneal transplant may be considered.

It’s important for individuals with keratoconus to have regular check-ups with their ophthalmologist since early detection and intervention can help prevent further deterioration of vision and improve long-term outcomes.

Ketamine

Ketamine is a medication that is primarily used for anesthesia induction and maintenance during surgical procedures. It belongs to the class of drugs known as dissociative anesthetics, which work by temporarily blocking certain receptors in the brain.

One of the unique aspects of ketamine is its ability to produce sedation, pain relief, and amnesia while maintaining cardiovascular stability. This makes it particularly useful in situations where other anesthetic agents may not be suitable or effective.

Aside from its use as an anesthetic, ketamine has also been studied for its potential therapeutic effects in treating various mental health conditions such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research suggests that low-dose ketamine infusions may have rapid antidepressant effects, providing hope for individuals who do not respond well to traditional treatments.

However, it’s important to note that ketamine can have side effects and should only be administered under medical supervision. These side effects can include hallucinations, confusion, elevated heart rate and blood pressure, and potential abuse or dependence with long-term use.

While ketamine has proven valuable in clinical settings as an anesthetic agent and shows promise as a treatment for certain mental health conditions, it must be used judiciously under proper medical guidance due to its potential risks and side effects.

Ketoacidosis

Ketoacidosis is a serious medical condition that occurs when the body produces high levels of ketones, which are acidic byproducts of fat metabolism. This condition primarily affects individuals with diabetes mellitus, particularly those with type 1 diabetes.

During ketoacidosis, the body does not have enough insulin to properly use glucose for energy. As a result, it starts breaking down fats for fuel instead. This leads to an accumulation of ketones in the blood and urine, causing acid levels to rise.

Symptoms of ketoacidosis may include excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, fruity-smelling breath, confusion or difficulty concentrating. If left untreated, ketoacidosis can progress rapidly and lead to coma or even death.

Treatment for ketoacidosis typically involves hospitalization and administration of intravenous fluids and insulin to lower blood sugar levels and correct the acid-base imbalance. It is important for individuals with diabetes to monitor their blood sugar regularly and seek immediate medical attention if experiencing symptoms of ketoacidosis.

Prevention is key in managing this condition – maintaining good glycemic control through proper diet management and adherence to medication regimens can help reduce the risk of developing ketoacidosis in individuals with diabetes mellitus.

Ketogenic Diet

The Ketogenic Diet, also known as the Keto Diet, is a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet that has gained popularity in recent years. It was originally developed for patients with epilepsy to help reduce seizures. However, it has since been adopted by many individuals as a weight loss strategy.

The main principle behind the ketogenic diet is to switch the body’s primary fuel source from carbohydrates to fat. By drastically reducing carbohydrate intake and increasing fat intake, the body enters a state of ketosis. In this state, the liver produces ketones which are used as an alternative energy source.

One of the key benefits of following a ketogenic diet is its potential for weight loss. When carbohydrates are restricted, insulin levels decrease and stored fats are released and burned for energy instead. This can lead to significant reductions in body weight and body fat percentage.

Another benefit often associated with the keto diet is improved mental clarity and focus. The brain typically relies on glucose for fuel, but when glucose availability is limited during ketosis, it adapts by using ketones efficiently.

It’s important to note that while some people may find success with the ketogenic diet in terms of weight loss or other health benefits like improved blood sugar control or reduced inflammation markers – it may not be suitable or sustainable for everyone long-term.

As always before starting any new dietary regimen or making significant changes to your eating habits consulting with a healthcare professional or registered dietitian will ensure you are making informed decisions based on your individual needs and goals.

Ketone Bodies

Ketone bodies are organic compounds that are produced by the liver when there is a shortage of glucose in the body. They serve as an alternative source of energy for cells, particularly during periods of fasting or prolonged exercise. The three main types of ketone bodies are acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone.

When glucose levels are low, such as during a ketogenic diet or in individuals with uncontrolled diabetes, the body begins to break down fats for fuel instead. This process results in the production of ketone bodies which can be used by various tissues including the brain.

While ketone bodies provide an important energy source, their buildup can lead to a condition called ketoacidosis. In this state, excessive amounts of ketones cause a decrease in blood pH and can result in serious complications if left untreated.

Monitoring ketone levels is crucial for those following a ketogenic diet or managing diabetes. Ketone testing strips can be used to measure the presence and concentration of ketones in urine or blood.

Understanding ketone bodies and their role in metabolism is essential for those following specific dietary regimens like the ketogenic diet or managing conditions like diabetes. While they provide an alternative energy source during times of limited glucose availability, it’s important to monitor their levels carefully to prevent adverse effects such as ketoacidosis.

Ketosis

Ketosis is a metabolic state in which the body predominantly relies on ketone bodies for energy instead of glucose. This occurs when there is limited access to carbohydrates, forcing the body to break down fat stores and produce ketones as an alternative fuel source.

During ketosis, the liver converts fatty acids into ketone bodies, such as beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), acetoacetate, and acetone. These ketones are then released into the bloodstream and utilized by various tissues, including the brain, muscles, and heart.

One of the primary benefits of entering a state of ketosis is its potential for weight loss. By restricting carbohydrate intake and increasing fat consumption, individuals can effectively shift their metabolism towards burning fat for fuel.

Furthermore, some studies suggest that ketosis may have therapeutic effects on certain medical conditions. For example, it has been investigated as a potential treatment for epilepsy in both children and adults who do not respond well to traditional anti-seizure medications.

However, it’s important to note that maintaining long-term nutritional ketosis requires careful planning and monitoring under healthcare supervision. It’s crucial to ensure adequate nutrient intake while avoiding potential risks associated with high levels of circulating ketones in the blood.

Although achieving a state of nutritional ketosis can offer certain health benefits like weight loss or management of specific medical conditions like epilepsy; it should be done carefully under professional guidance due to potential risks involved with prolonged periods of low-carbohydrate diets.

Kidney

The kidney is a vital organ in the human body responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and maintaining fluid balance. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure, producing hormones, and balancing electrolytes. Kidneys are bean-shaped organs located on either side of the spine.

Each kidney consists of millions of tiny filters called nephrons that help remove toxins and excess water from the bloodstream. These nephrons work by selectively reabsorbing essential substances like glucose, amino acids, and salts back into the body while eliminating waste products like urea and creatinine through urine production.

Kidney disease can be caused by various factors such as high blood pressure, diabetes, infections, or genetic disorders. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs when kidneys lose their ability to function properly over time. This condition can lead to complications such as fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, anemia, or even complete kidney failure.

Treatment options for kidney disease may include medication to control blood pressure or manage symptoms, dietary changes to restrict certain nutrients like salt or protein intake, dialysis to artificially filter waste products from the blood when kidneys fail completely or transplantation where a healthy donor kidney replaces a diseased one.

It is crucial to maintain good overall health and follow medical advice to prevent any complications related to kidney function. Regular check-ups with healthcare professionals can detect early signs of potential issues with the kidneys before they become severe.

Kidney Disease

Kidney disease, also known as renal disease, refers to the impaired function of the kidneys. The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste products from the blood and regulating electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and red blood cell production. When kidney function is compromised, harmful substances can accumulate in the body.

There are different types of kidney disease, including chronic kidney disease (CKD), acute kidney injury (AKI), polycystic kidney disease (PKD), and glomerulonephritis. CKD is a progressive condition that develops over time and can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) if left untreated.

Common symptoms of kidney disease include fatigue, swelling in the legs or ankles, changes in urine frequency or appearance, high blood pressure, and decreased appetite. Early detection through regular check-ups is essential for managing kidney diseases effectively.

Treatment options for kidney diseases depend on their underlying cause but may involve medication to control blood pressure or manage complications like anemia or bone disorders. In advanced cases where kidneys fail to perform their functions adequately, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be necessary.

It’s important to note that maintaining a healthy lifestyle by eating a balanced diet low in sodium and staying hydrated can help prevent certain forms of kidney diseases.

Remember to consult with your healthcare provider if you experience any persistent symptoms related to your kidneys!

Kidney Failure

Kidney Failure, also known as renal failure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to function properly. The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste products and excess fluids from the blood, helping maintain electrolyte balance and regulating blood pressure.

There are two main types of kidney failure: acute and chronic. Acute kidney failure occurs suddenly and is usually caused by factors such as severe dehydration, infection, or medication toxicity. On the other hand, chronic kidney failure develops over time and is often a result of underlying conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure.

When the kidneys fail to perform their functions adequately, waste products can build up in the body leading to various complications. Symptoms may include decreased urine output, swelling in the legs or ankles, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, shortness of breath, and confusion.

Treatment options for kidney failure depend on its severity but may include medications to manage symptoms and slow down disease progression or dialysis – an artificial process that helps filter waste products from the blood when kidneys are unable to do so effectively.

Early detection through regular check-ups is key in managing kidney health and preventing further damage.

Kidney Stones

Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are solid deposits that form in the kidneys. They can vary in size and shape and may cause intense pain when they move through the urinary tract.

These stones typically develop due to a buildup of certain substances, such as calcium or uric acid, in the urine. When these substances become concentrated and crystallize, kidney stones start to form.

The symptoms of kidney stones can vary depending on their size and location. Smaller stones may pass through the urinary tract without causing any symptoms. However, larger stones can block the flow of urine, leading to severe pain in the back or side, blood in the urine (hematuria), and frequent urination.

Treatment for kidney stones depends on their size and severity. Small stones may be able to pass naturally with increased fluid intake and pain medication. In other cases, medical interventions such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) or ureteroscopy may be necessary to break up or remove larger stones.

Prevention is key when it comes to kidney stone management. Drinking plenty of water throughout the day helps dilute urine and reduces the risk of stone formation. Additionally, dietary modifications like reducing sodium intake and avoiding excessive consumption of oxalate-rich foods (such as spinach and chocolate) can help prevent recurring kidney stone episodes.

If you experience symptoms suggestive of kidney stones or have a history of recurrent episodes, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment options tailored specifically for you.

Kidney Transplant

A kidney transplant is a surgical procedure that involves the replacement of a diseased or non-functioning kidney with a healthy one from a donor. This procedure is typically performed on individuals who have end-stage renal disease, where their kidneys can no longer effectively filter waste products from the blood.

During a kidney transplant, the recipient’s own kidneys are usually left in place unless they are causing complications. The new kidney is connected to the recipient’s blood vessels and bladder, allowing it to function as the primary organ for filtering waste and producing urine.

The success rate of kidney transplants has significantly improved over time due to advancements in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive medications. However, finding an appropriate match between donor and recipient remains crucial for long-term success.

After undergoing a kidney transplant, patients need to take lifelong immunosuppressive medications to prevent rejection of the new organ by their immune system. Regular medical check-ups and monitoring are also necessary to ensure proper functioning of the transplanted kidney.

A successful kidney transplant can greatly improve quality of life for individuals with end-stage renal disease, providing them with renewed hope and freedom from dialysis treatments.

Kinesiology

Kinesiology is a branch of science that focuses on the study of human movement. It encompasses various aspects such as anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, and psychology to understand how our bodies move and function. This field plays a crucial role in improving athletic performance, preventing injuries, and rehabilitating individuals with movement disorders.

In kinesiology, researchers examine the mechanics of different movements like walking, running, jumping, and throwing. They analyze factors such as muscle activation patterns, joint angles, forces exerted on the body, and energy expenditure during physical activities. By understanding these intricate details of human motion, experts can develop effective training programs tailored to specific goals or needs.

Moreover, kinesiology also delves into areas like exercise physiology and sports psychology. It explores how physical activity affects the body’s physiological systems like cardiovascular health and metabolism. Additionally , it examines psychological factors that influence performance such as motivation , concentration , anxiety levels , stress tolerance etc .

Kinesiology offers valuable insights into optimizing human performance across various domains including athletics , rehabilitation , ergonomics etc . Its multidisciplinary approach makes it an essential field for understanding the complexities behind our everyday movements.

Kinetic

Kinetic is a term that refers to movement or motion. In the field of medicine, this term is often used to describe various processes and assessments related to movement within the human body. It encompasses a wide range of activities, from basic motor skills like walking and running, to more complex movements such as those involved in sports or rehabilitation.

In terms of diagnostic tests, kinetic assessments are commonly utilized to evaluate an individual’s physical capabilities and identify any limitations or abnormalities. For example, gait analysis is a type of kinetic assessment that examines how a person walks and identifies any issues with their stride or posture.

Additionally, kinesthetic training plays an important role in many rehabilitation programs. This involves exercises aimed at improving coordination, balance, and strength through repetitive movements and muscle activation.

The concept of kinetic is crucial in understanding how our bodies move and function. By assessing and addressing any issues related to movement early on, healthcare professionals can help individuals optimize their physical abilities for improved overall health and quality of life.

Kleptomania

Kleptomania is a psychiatric disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to steal items that are not needed for personal use or monetary gain. Individuals with kleptomania often experience tension and anxiety before committing the act of theft, followed by relief or gratification once the item has been stolen.

The exact cause of kleptomania is still unknown, but it is believed to be related to abnormalities in brain chemistry and functioning. It may also be influenced by genetic factors or underlying psychological conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder.

People with kleptomania typically feel guilty or ashamed about their behavior, which sets it apart from ordinary stealing. The stolen objects are usually of little value and may even be returned or discarded later on. Despite this guilt, individuals with kleptomania find it difficult to resist the impulse to steal.

Treatment for kleptomania often involves a combination of therapy and medication. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can help individuals identify triggers for their stealing behaviors and develop strategies to manage their urges. Medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may also be prescribed to help control impulsive behaviors.

It’s important for individuals with kleptomania to seek professional help in order to address this challenging condition and prevent legal consequences. Understanding the underlying causes and finding effective treatment can greatly improve quality of life for those affected by kleptomania.

Knee

The knee is a complex joint that plays a crucial role in our ability to walk, run, and perform various movements. It connects the thigh bone (femur) to the shin bone (tibia) and is supported by ligaments, tendons, and muscles.

Injury or damage to the knee can result in pain, swelling, and limited mobility. Common knee conditions include sprains, strains, torn ligaments (such as the anterior cruciate ligament), and meniscus tears.

Knee osteoarthritis is another prevalent condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the protective cartilage within the joint gradually wears down over time.

Treatment options for knee issues range from conservative measures such as rest, ice therapy, physical therapy exercises, braces or supports to surgical interventions like arthroscopic surgery or knee replacement surgery.

It’s essential to seek medical attention if you experience persistent knee pain or difficulty moving your leg. A healthcare professional can diagnose your specific condition and develop an appropriate treatment plan tailored to your needs. Remember to always take care of your knees by maintaining a healthy weight and engaging in regular exercise routines that promote strength and flexibility.

Knee Replacement Surgery

Knee Replacement Surgery, also known as knee arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure that involves replacing the damaged or worn-out parts of the knee joint with artificial components. It is typically performed to relieve pain and improve function in individuals with severe arthritis or other conditions that affect the knee joint.

During the surgery, the surgeon makes an incision over the knee and removes damaged bone and cartilage. The ends of the thighbone (femur) and shinbone (tibia) are then replaced with metal implants, while a plastic spacer is inserted between them to allow smooth movement.

After knee replacement surgery, patients undergo rehabilitation to regain strength and mobility in their knees. Physical therapy exercises may be prescribed to help improve range of motion and muscle strength.

While knee replacement surgery can significantly reduce pain and improve quality of life for many individuals, it is important to note that it is not suitable for everyone. Patients should consult with their healthcare provider to determine if they are appropriate candidates for this procedure.

In recent years, advancements in technology have led to minimally invasive techniques for performing knee replacement surgeries. These techniques involve smaller incisions and result in less tissue damage, leading to faster recovery times for patients.

It’s important for individuals considering knee replacement surgery to thoroughly discuss potential risks, benefits, alternatives, and expected outcomes with their healthcare provider before making a decision. Each patient’s situation is unique; therefore, understanding all available options will assist them in making an informed choice about managing their condition effectively.

Kneecap (Patella)

The kneecap, also known as the patella, is a small bone located in front of the knee joint. It plays a crucial role in providing stability and protection to the knee.

One of its main functions is to act as a shield for the underlying structures of the knee, such as bones, ligaments, and tendons. The patella helps distribute forces evenly across the joint during movement and prevents excessive stress on these structures.

Additionally, it aids in increasing leverage and efficiency of muscle contractions around the knee. When you extend your leg or perform activities like jumping or running, the patella acts as a fulcrum for muscles in order to generate more power.

However, problems can arise with this vital bone. Patellar dislocation occurs when the kneecap slips out of its normal position due to trauma or anatomical abnormalities. This can cause pain and instability in the knee joint.

Furthermore, conditions like patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) or runner’s knee may develop when there is irritation or inflammation under or around the kneecap. These conditions often result from overuse injuries or biomechanical imbalances.

Proper care and management are essential for maintaining optimal functioning of this small but significant bone within our knees.

Knock-Knee

Knock-knee, also known as genu valgum, is a condition characterized by the inward angling of the knees when standing with the feet together. This alignment deviation can affect individuals of all ages and may be due to various factors.

In children, knock-knee is often a normal part of development during early childhood. As they grow older, their legs typically straighten out naturally. However, in some cases, this misalignment persists into adulthood or becomes more pronounced.

There are several potential causes of knock-knee. In some instances, it may be genetic and run in families. Other possible factors include certain medical conditions such as rickets or skeletal dysplasias that affect bone growth and development.

While mild cases of knock-knee usually do not cause any problems or require treatment, severe cases can lead to discomfort while walking or running. If left untreated, persistent knock-knee can contribute to joint pain and stress on the ligaments surrounding the knee.

Treatment options for knock-knees depend on the severity and underlying cause. In less severe cases, physical therapy exercises may help improve muscle balance around the knee joints. Orthotic devices such as braces or shoe inserts might also be recommended for support and alignment correction.

For more severe cases where conservative measures are ineffective or if there is an underlying medical condition causing the deformity, surgical intervention may be necessary to correct the alignment issues.

It’s important to consult with a healthcare professional if you have concerns about knock-knees to determine appropriate management strategies based on your specific circumstances.

Kuru

Kuru is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disease that was once prevalent among the Fore people in Papua New Guinea. The term “kuru” means “shivering” or “trembling” in the Fore language, which accurately describes one of its prominent symptoms.

The disease is caused by prion proteins, abnormal forms of protein that can cause other normal proteins to misfold and accumulate in the brain. It is primarily transmitted through cannibalistic rituals where the consumption of infected human brain tissue occurs.

Early symptoms of kuru include unsteady gait, difficulty coordinating movements, and muscle stiffness. As the disease progresses, affected individuals develop tremors, slurred speech, and eventually become unable to walk or eat independently.

Although kuru has largely disappeared due to changes in cultural practices among the Fore people, it remains an important area of study for scientists interested in prion diseases. Understanding how prions spread and affect the nervous system may have broader implications for similar conditions such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Research into kuru has also provided valuable insights into transmission patterns and mechanisms underlying other infectious diseases. By studying this unique condition, scientists have gained a deeper understanding of how diseases can be transmitted within specific communities and populations.

Kuru serves as a reminder of both the devastating impact that certain cultural practices can have on public health but also highlights how research into rare diseases can yield important knowledge applicable to wider medical fields. Continued scientific investigation into kuru will undoubtedly contribute to our understanding of these complex neurological disorders.

Kyphosis

Kyphosis is a medical term used to describe an abnormal curvature of the spine. It is characterized by excessive rounding of the upper back, often resulting in a hunched or stooped posture. This condition can be caused by several factors including poor posture, osteoporosis, spinal fractures, and certain genetic conditions.

Individuals with kyphosis may experience discomfort, pain, and limited mobility due to the curvature of their spine. In severe cases, it can even lead to difficulty breathing and other respiratory problems. Treatment options for kyphosis vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Non-surgical interventions such as physical therapy, exercises to improve posture, bracing, and pain management techniques are often recommended.

In more severe cases where conservative treatments fail to provide relief or when there is significant spinal deformity present; surgical intervention may be necessary. The goal of surgery is typically to correct the curvature and stabilize the spine using various techniques such as spinal fusion or insertion of implants.

It’s important for individuals experiencing symptoms related to kyphosis to seek medical attention promptly in order to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

Understanding medical terms from A-Z allows us not only expand our knowledge but also helps us communicate effectively with healthcare professionals about our health concerns. By familiarizing ourselves with these terms we empower ourselves with valuable information that enables us make informed decisions about our own well-being.